The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights - 1417 Words

Implemented in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fully dedicated to upholding the rights of the citizens, the government, and the overall welfare of their nation. While the government is often dealt a difficult hand with defining the boundaries of censorship, the idea of censorship is impermissible. The line between restricting and not restricting opinions becomes unclear when the universal right to free speech coincides with the basic rights of other citizens or openly threatens the balance of the state. Opinions contrary to that of the government do not justify refusing citizens their basic rights, like in the case of Iran, China and Bahrain. It is essential to protect free speech as a universal law for the benefit of society as a whole. The government of Iran, China, and Bahrain clearly violated the fundamental rights listed under the international human rights law. Therefore, they should be scrutinized for refusing citizens the ability to express their opinions. The following paragraphs will consider different cases that are inShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of Jews and other minorities in Nazi Germany would never happenRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted in the UN gene ral assembly by the 10th December 1948. This is the first time that the world recognized that everyone had the right to enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want, and many other rights. International human rights come along way; before there was no rights. The idea of having rights that led to the development of international human rights takes time. There are benchmarks developments in internationalRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesA human right is an ethical choice and moral belief belonging to all humans regardless of traits, status, location, color, gender, or belief system. Making the connection to a universal law, the United Nations Rights High Commissioner explains these rights are, â€Å"guaranteed by law† and protected as â€Å"fundamental freedoms† (OHCHR, 2016). The Cambridge Dictionary defines privilege as â€Å"an advantage that only one person or group of people has† listing examples such as having a high social position or wealthRead MoreUniversal Declaration Of Human Rights1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a doctrine created to ensure a mutual standard of treatment amongst all humans, every person deserves an equal set of life standards. According to Article 18 of this 30 Article document, â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teachingRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights892 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rigths is an essential component of a tolerant and individually satisfied society. They are created to defend people’s dignity, equality and liberty. However, for thousands of years people lived with no garanteed rights, until 1948, when United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But is the Universal Declaration of Human Rigths really universal to all states and humans living in them? I am going to argue if Human Rights should or should not be unically adapted to differentRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights875 Words   |  4 PagesI feel that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) does have a western bias. Many people look to US for guidance, but not many other nations copy our way of life. States can sign treaties, but they cannot be reassured that the other nation will keep its word. The US and the UN should maybe not be engaging in promoting western society, but they should be engaging in promoting the protection of human rights. The UN UDHR fought for minimal rights in 1948 by identifying three types of generationsRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1485 Words   |  6 Pages1003236982 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"that human rights are held by all persons equally and universally forever† –hence, they are universal held. This is due to them being the exact same for all human beings anywhere in the world. One cannot acquire human rights because of where they come from, but because they are a member of the human race. Nobody can lose those human rights, nor can they be taken away for whatever the reason may be. Together, we have the right to express ourselvesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Universal Human Rights869 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Assembly (UNGA) set forth a declaration of universal human rights. The goal was to set a common standard of rights based on â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.† It was meant to become the perfect social contract but unfortunately was not upheld even by the signatory nations themselves. Many critics now looking b ack have cited the overreaching ideals as the downfall of the declaration but yet many have responded saying itRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights3323 Words   |  14 Pagesthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the concept of human rights has gradually become one of the most commonly accepted universal norms, referred to in United Nations resolutions, national constitutions and regional and international treaties. Even so, human rights violations occur on an almost daily basis in countries around the world. The term seems to be at the forefront of contemporary political discourses, with its meaning at most times remaining unclear. In theory, human rights

Analysis Of Descartes s Meditation I - 989 Words

In Meditation I, Descartes discusses those things that can be called into doubt. He starts off by talking about how he has been mislead by his beliefs before, so will start off by separating those beliefs that cause him to doubt. He would like to secure his foundational beliefs similar to a house, without a secure foundation, the house can fall. Descartes mentions how he occasionally realizes that he has been deceived by his senses. Some things seem small at a distance, but then when looking at the same object, at a closer distance, it is not what you thought it was, your vision had deceived you; so he says it is better that you don’t trust those who may have even deceived you once, the senses. We should not depend on just the senses to make judgments, we should be aware of the fact that our senses can mislead us. He [Descartes] asks if he even exists, writing and sitting by the fire, if these hands are even his, but then he says these questions would lead him to be perceived as he is crazy, and he so ignores the idea. Next, in Meditation I, Descartes is wondering how he can tell if he is dreaming or awake. He imagines, what if he is not really sitting by the fire, in his gown, and writing, what if he is actually in bed and dreaming. When focusing and feeling on his hands, he realizes that he isn’t asleep, but there have been many times when he has assumed he is awake, when really he was dreaming. So he concludes that there is no way of really telling whetherShow MoreRelatedDescartes’ Cogito Argument Successfully Shows the Evil Demon Argument is Unsound888 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Descartes’ Cogito argument successfully show that the Evil Demon Argument is unsound? In this essay I will attempt to show that the philosopher, Renà ¨ Descartes’ Cogito Argument successfully proves the Evil Demon Argument to be unsound. By an analysis of the structure of the arguments and what they prove, I will show the evil demon argument to be unsound. An argument is unsound when the premises as false and the argument is invalid. This analysis of both structure and content will eventuateRead MoreThe On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes1699 Words   |  7 PagesIn his work Meditations on First Philosophy, published in 1641, Renà © Descartes sets out to establish a set of indubitable truths for the sciences. He begins by discarding all of his beliefs, then works to rebuild his beliefs based on careful thought. Descartes clearly states this goal, saying in the First Meditation, â€Å"I will work my way up†¦ I will accomplish this by putting aside everything that admits of the least doubt† (I, 17). He is able to establish his own existence, but struggles to move beyondRead MoreThe Dream Inside Of A Dream By Christopher Nolan1683 Words   |  7 PagesPaper: Descartes The possibility of having a dream inside of a dream is an idea that has been discussed far and wide. However, before Inception came out in 2010 by director Christopher Nolan, many people in the modern world may not have ever considered this idea. Nonetheless, this idea of â€Å"a dream inside a dream† has been around since 1640, when Rene Descartes published Meditations. In Inception, Christopher Nolan uses Descartes ideas to enhance the storyline of his film. In this paper I willRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes Meditations On First Philosophy Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesRole of God in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy In his work Meditations on First Philosophy, published in 1641, Renà © Descartes sets out to establish a set of indubitable truths for the sciences. He begins by discarding all of his beliefs, then works to rebuild his beliefs based on careful thought. Descartes clearly states this goal, saying in the First Meditation, â€Å"I will work my way up†¦ I will accomplish this by putting aside everything that admits of the least doubt† (I, 17). He is ableRead MoreDescartes Vs. Descartes s Theory Of Certainty1852 Words   |  8 Pagesof the greatest philosophers in history, Renà © Descartes tackles the daunting task of ensuring what is truly certain in life using a systemic thinking process known as methodological doubt in his Meditations on First Philosophy. In order to determine what is absolutely certain, Descartes concludes that the foundation which even reality sits upon is not firm since most of what contributed to its certainty is based on sensory perception. However, Descartes proves that even the senses can be deceivingRead MoreEssay on Descartes Failure4852 Words   |  20 PagesDescartes Failure In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes strives first and foremost to provide an infallibly justified foundation for the empirical sciences, and second to prove the existence of God. I will focus on the first and second meditations in my attempt to show that, in his skepticism of the sources of knowledge, he fails to follow the rules he has set out in the Discourse on Method. First I claim that Descartes fails to draw the distinction between pure sensation andRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay3414 Words   |  14 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Many readers follow Descartes with fascination and pleasure as he descends into the pit of skepticism in the first two Meditations, defeats the skeptics by finding the a version of the cogito, his nature, and that of bodies, only to find them selves baffled and repulsed when they come to his proof for the existence of God in Meditation III. In large measure this change of attitude results from a number of factors. One is that the proof is complicatedRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 Pagesproperly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryles criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryles criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science by means of what I call the principle of the embodiment of the mind. Finally, I shall point out the philosophi cal difficulties that are to be foundRead MoreA Brief Biography of Rene Descartes1580 Words   |  6 Pagesof philosopher Rene Descartes, who had endorsed the mechanistic conception of the world and the human body by coining notions such as mind, substance, and the knowledge argument; although his notions were not always accepted, he managed to provide valid support. Born in France, Rene Descartes, dubbed The Father of Modern Philosophy was, in a way, a Renaissance man having contributed influence amongst subjects such science, mathematics, psychology, and philosophy. Descartes was the medium of theRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pages In my Round Table Essay I would like to introduce seven philosophers that we have discussed in class and focus on three specifically for my choice topic. The seven philosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development

Cell differentiation by mechanical stress

Questions: 1. Compare and contrast primary cells and cell lines. In your answer, make sure to address the following points? 2. Describe how cell lines are maintained in the lab. In your answer, make sure to address the following points? 3. Describe the process of differentiation. In your answer make sure to address the following points? Answers: 1. a. The preparation of primary cells for cell culture. i. The organ is isolated and selected (Stacey, Doyle, Alan, Ferro, Margherita, 2002).ii. The organ is dissected to remove fat and necrotic cellsiii. The cells are subjected to enzymatic degradation (Stacey et al., 2002).iv. Trypsin or collagenase is addedv. Re-suspend and seed the medium Conditions needed for cell to survive include; gas mixture and temperature of 5% CO2 and 37 degrees Celsius respectively, appropriate PH, glucose and nutrients (Stacey et al., 2002). Advantages of primary cells over in vivo i. Use of primary cell is cost effective ("Primary Cell Culture | Sigma-Aldrich," n.d.). ii. Primary cells use avoids ethical objections. Disadvantages of primary cells i. Primary cells take longer to grow ii. Culture and isolations costs for primary cells are prohibitive and high c. Cell lines originate from a cell culture made from a single cell. The main distinguishing features of cell lines from primary cells include, cell lines have minimal variability while primary cells have variability existing between preparations and the donor cells ("Primary Cell Culture | Sigma-Aldrich," n.d.). d. Advantages of using cell lines over primary cells in experimentation i. Cell lines take less time to grow unlike primary cells ii. Cell lines have minimal variability unlike in primary cells. Disadvantages of using cell line over primary cells in experimentations i. They provide less relevant results as compared to primary cells ("Primary Cell Culture | Sigma-Aldrich," n.d.). 2. i. Confluence is the approximate number of the adherent cells in the flask or dish of the cell culture (Mather, 2008). ii. The procedure of cell line passaging starts with the removal of the medium of the HEK 293 cell flask completely (Masters, Stacey, 2007). This is then followed by addition of 3ml trypsin to the medium. The next step is placing the flask containing the medium to an incubator at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes (Masters, Stacey, 2007). Then rock the flask and wash down the cells by addition of medium and pipette to separate cell clusters into single cell lines. Add desirable volume of re-suspended cell mix into new plates. Finally, shake the plates or the flask in gentle manner to allow proper mixing then place them back to CO2 incubator at temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (Masters, Stacey, 2007).Passing cell lines helps to evade senescence. Passaging a cell line too many times results in cells having little in common with original reference strain. Preparation of cell lines for cryopreservation i. Harvesting cells in the log growth phase (Stacey, Hawkins, Fleck, 2011).ii. Bring both the semi-adherent and adherent cells into suspension by the use of EDTAiii. Remove a small aliquot of the cells and do cell quantification iv. Perform centrifugation on the remaining culture for approximately 5 minutesv. Re-suspend the cells in the freeze medium vi. Then pipette one aliquot of the cells vii. Place the ampoules in a freezer whose rate is controlled viii. The medium is then shifted to a freezer for cryopreservation 3. i. Differentiation is a process that happens in multicellular organisms where a cell with less specialization matures so that it becomes more discrete in its functions and form (Altman, 2001). The major importance of differentiation in multicellular organisms is that it provides them with a variety of cell specialized in performing specific functions. ii. Somatic cells differentiation starts with the chromatin for both plants and animals. Chromatin reorganization is the first steps that occurs which in turn lead to activation of the pluripotent genes including Oct3/4 in animals and NAM in plants, establishing pluripotentiality (Nakagawa, M., Yamanaka, 2010). There are a variety of activities that lead to chromatin modelling induced pluripotentiality that may include activity of the thrombin in serum, cell wall removal and viral infections. Basically, the presence of these stimuli signals the cells to differentiate thus that are how the cells know when to differentiate. iii. Stem cells have the following characteristics: Ability to divide and renew themselves Basic and unspecialized cells (Miki et al., 2005). Give rise to specialized cells through differentiation (Mather, 2008). According to Baker (2008) stem cells are appealing to the medical community because of their therapeutic potential. References Altman,G.H. (2001). Cell differentiation by mechanical stress. The FASEB Journal. doi:10.1096/fj.01-0656fje Baker,M. (2008). Cancer and stem cells: Beckman conference. Nature Reports Stem Cells. doi:10.1038/stemcells.2008.47 Masters,J.R., Stacey,G.N. (2007). Changing medium and passaging cell lines. Nature Protocols, 2(9), 2276-2284. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.319 Mather,J.P. (2008). Stem cell culture. London: Elsevier/Academic Press. Miki,T., Lehmann,T., Cai,H., Stolz,D.B., Strom,S.C. (2005). Stem Cell Characteristics of Amniotic Epithelial Cells. Stem Cells, 23(10), 1549-1559. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2004-0357 Nakagawa,M., Yamanaka,S. (2010). Reprogramming of Somatic Cells to Pluripotency. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 215-224. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7037-4_14 Primary Cell Culture | Sigma-Aldrich. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biology/primary-cell-culture.html Stacey,G., Doyle, Alan, Ferro, Margherita. (2002). Cell Culture Methods for in Vitro Toxicology. Springer Verlag. Stacey,G.N., Hawkins,R., Fleck,R.A. (2011). Cryopreservation and Banking of Cell Lines. Animal Cell Culture, 185-203. doi:10.1002/9780470669815.ch6